PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD OF TACHEOMETRY
As shown in figure, let there be an external focusing telescope with horizontal axis. Also the staff is held vertical
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REQUIREMENTS OF A TRANSITION CURVE
It must originate and meet the straights at zero curvature i.e. at contact points T1 and T2, the radius of
Read MoreCOMPOUND CURVE
A compound curve is the combination of two or more simple circular curves of different radii. Thus because of two
Read MoreVERTICAL CURVES
Vertical curve joins the two intersecting lines which lie in a vertical plane. e.g. Curve provided to connect two roads
Read MoreHORIZONTAL CURVE S
Horizontal curve joins the two intersecting lines which lie in a horizontal plane. e.g. Curve provided to connect two roads
Read MoreCOMPUTATION OF LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE
The latitude (L) of a line is the orthographic projection of the line on the N-S axis representing the Meridian.
Read MoreLAW OF ACCIDENTAL ERROR
Theory of probability is used to study the behaviour of accidental errors. Error when plotted against the probability of its
Read MoreTYPES OF ERRORS
Gross errors or mistakes Systematic or cumulative errors Accidental or random errors Gross Errors or Mistakes This mistake occurs on
Read MoreLEVEL FIELD BOOK
It is the book used for entering the staff readings and reduced levels of various points. For computation of reduced
Read MoreRECIPROCAL LEVELLING
Reciprocal leveling is used to determine the correct difference of elevations of the two points which are quite far apart
Read MoreSENSITIVITY OF LEVEL TUBE
A level tube or bubble tube is an important part of most of the surveying instruments. It consists of a
Read MoreBASIC PRINCIPLE OF LEVELLING
When the levelling instrument has been properly levelled then the bubble tube and the line of sight are truly horizontal
Read MoreSURVEYOR’S COMPASS
The figure below shows the cross-sectional view of a surveyor’s compass. It consist of a brass or aluminium circular box
Read MorePrismatic Compass and Surveyor Compass
The prismatic compass is a magnetic compass in which there is a prism for taking observations. It is smaller in
Read MoreTRUE BEARING FROM THE MAGNETIC BEARING
If magnetic declination at a place is known, then true bearing of the survey line can be computed from the
Read MoreMAGNETIC DECLINATION
It is quite a common phenomenon that the magnetic meridian and the true meridian at a place generally do not
Read MoreFORE BEARING AND BACK BEARING
Fore bearing (abbreviated as FB) is the bearing of the line in the direction of progress of survey while back
Read MoreTRAVERSING METHODS
Traversing methods are classified as the basis of the instrument used for measuring the angle at the traverse station. Thus
Read MoreLIMITING LENGTH OF THE OFFSET
The maximum length of the offset is generally determined from the view point that the error produced in plotting the
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