Civil Engineering - MADE EASY Study Material for GATE, ESE and PSUs Exams 2025-26

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Surges in Open Channels

A surge or surge wave is a moving wave front which brings about an abrupt change in depth of flow.

When the channel is non rectangular e., triangular, trapezoidal etc. the flow in a jump will involve lateral expansion of

Hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy dissipator to dissipate the excess energy of flowing water downstream of hydraulic structures

A control section is the section in which a fixed relationship exists between the discharge and the depth of flow.

The pressure distribution at any section in gradually varied flow is assumed to be hydrostatic. This is because the curvature

Section factor, Z, for critical flow computation, is the product of wetted area and square root of hydraulic depth. It

As per the momentum equation, the algebraic sum of all external forces acting in a given direction on a fluid

In an open channel, velocity across any section is not constant. It is zero at the channel boundary and maximum

The term flood control is commonly used to denote all the measures adopted to reduce damages to life and property

The effect of storage is to redistribute the hydrograph by shifting the centroid of the inflow hydrograph to the position

Flood wave in open channels are also recognized as long progressive waves with the only difference that the movement of

Flood routing is technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section of a river by utilising the data of

There are always some uncertainties associated with estimation of hydrological design values (such as design flood discharge and river stage

A number of unit hydrographs can be drawn for a catchment corresponding to different durations. The shape of unit hydrographs

Various components of runoff are as explained below: 1. Overland Flow : Consider a catchment area having precipitation of a

Measuring the area of cross-section of river at selected section. Gauging site must be selected with case to ensure the

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is the maximum possible precipitation that can reasonably be expected at a given location. Probable maximum

Drought is a climatic anomaly, characterized by deficit supply of moisture. Droughts can be classified on the following basis. a.

Snowfall is a form of precipitation, which is accumulated over a surface and after some time when it gets melted,

Various types cyclones are as follows: 1. Tropical Cyclone: A tropical cycle in India is called cyclone. In it, isobars