Civil Engineering - MADE EASY Study Material for GATE, ESE and SES Exams

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VERTICAL CURVES

Vertical curve joins the two intersecting lines which lie in a vertical plane. e.g. Curve provided to connect two roads

Horizontal curve joins the two intersecting lines which lie in a horizontal plane. e.g. Curve provided to connect two roads

The latitude (L) of a line is the orthographic projection of the line on the N-S axis representing the Meridian.

Theory of probability is used to study the behaviour of accidental errors. Error when plotted against the probability of its

Gross errors or mistakes Systematic or cumulative errors Accidental or random errors Gross Errors or Mistakes This mistake occurs on

It is the book used for entering the staff readings and reduced levels of various points. For computation of reduced

Reciprocal leveling is used to determine the correct difference of elevations of the two points which are quite far apart

A level tube or bubble tube is an important part of most of the surveying instruments. It consists of a

When the levelling instrument has been properly levelled then the bubble tube and the line of sight are truly horizontal

The figure below shows the cross-sectional view of a surveyor’s compass. It consist of a brass or aluminium circular box

The prismatic compass is a magnetic compass in which there is a prism for taking observations. It is smaller in

If magnetic declination at a place is known, then true bearing of the survey line can be computed from the

It is quite a common phenomenon that the magnetic meridian and the true meridian at a place generally do not

Fore bearing (abbreviated as FB) is the bearing of the line in the direction of progress of survey while back

Traversing methods are classified as the basis of the instrument used for measuring the angle at the traverse station. Thus

The maximum length of the offset is generally determined from the view point that the error produced in plotting the

Chain surveying is a method of survey of land wherein only linear measurements are made and no angular measurements are

It is the first principle of surveying. By this principle, it means that the surveyor should first establish the large

A surge or surge wave is a moving wave front which brings about an abrupt change in depth of flow.