MADE EASY Civil Engineering Notes Free PDF for Exam Prep

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LIMITING LENGTH OF THE OFFSET

The maximum length of the offset is generally determined from the view point that the error produced in plotting the

Chain surveying is a method of survey of land wherein only linear measurements are made and no angular measurements are

It is the first principle of surveying. By this principle, it means that the surveyor should first establish the large

A surge or surge wave is a moving wave front which brings about an abrupt change in depth of flow.

When the channel is non rectangular i.e., triangular, trapezoidal etc. the flow in a jump will involve lateral expansion of

Hydraulic jump primarily serves as an energy dissipator to dissipate the excess energy of flowing water downstream of hydraulic structures

A control section is the section in which a fixed relationship exists between the discharge and the depth of flow.

The pressure distribution at any section in gradually varied flow is assumed to be hydrostatic. This is because the curvature

Section factor, Z, for critical flow computation, is the product of wetted area and square root of hydraulic depth. It

As per the momentum equation, the algebraic sum of all external forces acting in a given direction on a fluid

In an open channel, velocity across any section is not constant. It is zero at the channel boundary and maximum

The term flood control is commonly used to denote all the measures adopted to reduce damages to life and property

The effect of storage is to redistribute the hydrograph by shifting the centroid of the inflow hydrograph to the position

Flood wave in open channels are also recognized as long progressive waves with the only difference that the movement of

Flood routing is technique of determining the flood hydrograph at a section of a river by utilising the data of

There are always some uncertainties associated with estimation of hydrological design values (such as design flood discharge and river stage

A number of unit hydrographs can be drawn for a catchment corresponding to different durations. The shape of unit hydrographs

Various components of runoff are as explained below: 1. Overland Flow : Consider a catchment area having precipitation of a

Measuring the area of cross-section of river at selected section. Gauging site must be selected with case to ensure the