Block Diagram Representation of a Typical OP-AMP
- An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high-gain amplifier usually consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by a level translator and an output.
- The input stage is the dual-input, balanced-output differential amplifier. This stage generally provides most of the voltage gain and also establishes the input resistance of the op-amp.
- The intermediate stage is usually another differential amplifier, which is driven by the output of the first stage. In most amplifiers the intermediate stage is dual input, unbalanced (single-ended) output.
- As direct coupling is used, the DC voltage at the output of the intermediate stage is well above ground potential. Therefore, generally, the level translator (shifting) circuit is used after the intermediate stage to shift the DC level at the output of the intermediate stage downward to zero volts with respect to ground.
- The final stage is usually a push-pull complementary amplifier output stage. The output stage increases the output voltage swing and raises the current supplying capability of the op-amp. A well-designed output stage also provides low output resistance.
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