Engineering Materials - MADE EASY Study Material for GATE, ESE and SES Exams

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Line Defects

Line defects are linear and one dimensional defect in which one surface of the crystal slips with respect to the

Burger’s Vector

Burger vector is defined as the vector which indicate direction and magnitude of displacement of dislocation within a lattice. Burger’s

Surface Imperfection/Interfacial Defects

Imperfections on crystal surface are surface imperfections. These imperfections have a thickness of a few atomic diameter. These are boundaries

Annealing

Annealing Annealing is the heating of steel to austenizing temperature and then cooling slowly in the furnace. The purpose of

Common Alloy Steels

Some of the popular alloy steels are : Silicon steel Nickel steel Chrome-Vanadium steel Chrome-Molybdenum steel Manganese steel Vanadium steel

Effect of alloying elements on steel

1. Carbon : Carbon content in steel affects Hardness Machinability Tensile strength Melting point 2. Nickel : Increases toughness and

Flame Hardening

Flame Hardening The process consists of heating the surface of medium carbon steel by high temperature gas flame at 2400°C

Induction hardening

This process is employed to increase hardness, wear resistance and endurance limit of the surface of the work piece, the

Cyaniding

In cyaniding a case of high hardness and wear resistance is produced on C-alloy steels. Work is immersed in molten

Nitriding

In nitriding, the nitrogen content of the surface is increased, this is done by heating the part in the atmosphere

Carburizing

Carburizing is a case-hardening process in which carbon is added to the surface of low carbon steel. Thus, carburized steel

Case Hardening or Surface Hardening

Hard Surfaces are produced on relatively soft materials by case hardening. The parts which are subjected to wear and impact

Tempering

The martensite which is formed during quenching is too brittle and hence cannot be used in many cases, the residual

Hardening Process

Process of Hardening Purpose To increase the hardness of steel to maximum extent by austenite to martensite transformation. To increase the

Normalizing

It is the heat treatment process which is given to a product, which are subjected to relatively higher stress, the

Crystal imperfections

Classification of Crystal imperfections Crystal imperfections can be classified as: Point defects Interfacial defects Line defects Volume Imperfection Types of