Electronics and Communication Engineering - MADE EASY Study Material for GATE, ESE and SES Exams

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Digital Filters

A digital filter uses computation to implement the filtering action that is to be performed on a continuous time signal.

The discrete-time counterpart of Laplace transform is z-transform. The frequency domain analysis of discrete time system allows us to represent

The process of sampling is a bridge between continuous-time and discrete-time domains. Sampling is a process of converting a continuous-time

In Fourier transform, one problem we faced that Fourier transform is not applicable for signals that are not absolutely integrable.

A system is an operator which maps the relation between input signal and output signal by the process of transformation.

A signal is any quantity having information associated with it. It may also be defined as a function of one

In general, an amplifier gain factor versus frequency will resemble as shown in Figure (a). Both gain factor and frequency

An interesting property of non-inverting op-amp occurs when R1 = ∞, an open circuit. The closed loop gain is independent

It is the equivalent circuit of BJT and it is used in analysis of small signal model of BJT amplifiers.

Bipolar Junction Transistors Three-terminal devices are far more useful than two-terminal ones, such as diodes studied earlier in chatper-1, because

A diode has 2 types of equivalent circuit Small signal model Large signal model Small Signal Model • If input

The Field Effect Transistor (FET) is a three terminal device used for a variety of applications. The three terminals of

BJT Configuration A configuration refers to the way three terminals of BJT are used in amplifier. Based upon the reference

The transistor was invented by Dr. William Shockley and Dr. John Barden at Bell Laboratory in America in 1951. The

What is Hall Effect? The Hall effect is a consequence of the forces that are exerted on moving charge by

The Energy-Band Theory of Crystals X-ray and other studies reveal that most metals and semiconductors are crystalline in structure. A

Phase Lead Compensator Phase Lag Compensator It improves the transient response It makes the system dynamic response faster. No significant

In order to explain many phenomena associated with conduction in gases, metals and semiconductors and the emission of electrons from