MADE EASY Civil Engineering Notes Free PDF for Exam Prep

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Permeability of Soil

Soil is a particulate material and has pores that provides a passage for water. Such passages vary in size and

PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECTIVE STRESSES Consider a fully saturated soil. Let us take a wavy plane x-x passing through the

STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS Clay minerals are composed of two basic structural units. (i) Tetrahedral unit (ii) Octahedral unit (i)

The moisture-dry density relationship, as obtained from a laboratory test on a cohesionless sand is shown in figure below: Initially

At constant moisture content, the dry unit weight reaches its theoretical maximum when all the air is expelled from the

Relative density is also called degree of density or density index. It is the index which quantifies the degree of

Consistency represents relative ease with which a soil can be deformed. It represents relative firmness of soil. In practice, consistency

Pycnometer Method This method is similar to Pycnometer method for water content determination, but here oven dry soil is taken

Soil mass, in general is a three phase system composed of solid, liquid and gaseous phase. Different phases present in

Volumetric Mix describes the relative volume proportions among the various constituent of bituminous mix. A bitumen mix comprises of aggregate,

This is a penetration test developed by the California Division of Highways to evaluate the stability of soil subgrade and

Rotary intersections are special form of intersection at grade laid out for the movement of traffic in one direction (clockwise)

Traffic Signals (ट्रैफिक सिग्नल्स) A traffic signal is defined as any power operated traffic control device or a sign by

Whenever a stream of traffic flowing under some flow condition (say, speed = uA, density = kA and flow =

Traffic studies or surveys are carried out to analyze the traffic characteristics. A detailed knowledge of the operating characteristics of

For summit curve, the most important consideration in determining length of curve is requirement of sight distance. Length of summit

While designing a horizontal alignment, sight distance along the inner side of the curve should also be considered. Sometimes sight

In order to reduce the effect of centrifugal force apart from lateral friction, the outer edge of the pavement is

There are certain basic design controls and criteria which govern the geometric features of a highway. Topography Design speed Road