Chlorination
Disinfecting Action of Chlorine Addition of chlorine to water forms hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ions which have an immediate and
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Civil Engineering
Get MADE EASY Notes for Civil Engineering to help you prepare for GATE, ESE, and state engineering exams. These notes explain key topics in an easy-to-understand way, covering important formulas and concepts that students often struggle with. They are useful for both beginners and revision.
Filter Materials
The ideal filter medium should have a size and of such material that it provide satisfactory effluent, retain a maximum
Read MoreTheory of Filtration
The filters, in fact purify the water under four different processes. These processes are summarized below: Different Processes of Filtration
Read MoreMixing Device
After the addition of the coagulant to the raw water, the mixture is thoroughly and vigorously mixed, so that coagulant
Read MoreMechanism of Coagulation
The mechanism of destabilization (Removal of “little or no tendency of colloids to aggregate”) of colloids are classified in four
Read MoreSedimentation Tanks
Type of Sedimentation Tanks There are two types of sedimentation tank: (a) Quiescent type (b) Continuous type (a) Quiescent Type
Read MoreInterference Among Wells
If two or more wells are constructed very close to each other such that their cones of depression intersect, they
Read MoreZones of Underground Water
Zones of Underground Water With regard to existence of water at different depths in sub-surface regions, earth’s crust can be
Read MorePer Capita Demand (Q)
It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the domestic use, industrial use
Read MoreLateral Earth Pressure
TYPES OF LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE Lateral earth pressure acting on the retaining structures is divided into three categories depending upon
Read MoreBearing Capacity
The load carrying capacity of foundation soil or rock which enables it to bear and transmit loads from a structure
Read MoreUnconfined Compression Test
It is a special case of triaxial test in which confining pressure is zero. It means only deviator or shear
Read MoreShear Strength
‘Shear strength’ is the resistance offered by soil against shear deformation, its value is equal to the shear stress on
Read MoreCompression Ratios
The relative compression during initial compressibility, primary consolidation and secondary consolidations are defined by the following three ratios: (i) Initial
Read MorePreconsolidation Pressure
The maximum pressure to which an overconsolidated soil had been subjected in the past is known as the preconsolidation pressure
Read MoreConsolidation
The decrease in volume of fully saturated soil by squeezing out of the pore water on account of gradual dissipation
Read MoreSeepage Through Earthen Dams
Figure shows a typical section of an earthen dam. A typical flow net of seepage through its body is also
Read MoreSeepage Pressure
When water flows through saturated soil mass, the head available is dissipated as viscous friction, producing a frictional drag in
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